The Archetypes of Literature (1951) By Northrop Frye

Northrop Frye: The Archetypes of Literature

The Archetypes of Literature (1951): Northrop Frye

Respected Sir,

               As we studies Archetypal literary criticism

1.       Archetypal literary criticism means it is is a type of critical theory that interprets a text by focusing on recurring myths and archetypes (from the Greek archē, "beginning," and typos, "imprint") in the narrative, symbols, images, and character types in literary work.

In literary term but more simple it means

 “IMAGE FROM COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUSNESS” 

·         Design of narrative

·         Patterns of action

·         Types of characters

·         Themes

·         Images

These all are wide varieties of works of all literature.

2.       Nature = Physics

Literature = Criticism

Language = Grammar

    Northrop Frye trying prove by giving an analogy of ‘physics to nature’ and criticism to literature. While physics is an organized body of knowledge about nature and a student of it says that he is learning physics, not that he is learning nature. Art like nature is the subject of a systematic study, and has to be distinguished from the study itself, which is criticism. it is therefore impossible to ‘learn literature’ and one learns about it in a certain way, but what one learns, transitivity, is the ‘criticism of literature’. So while no one expects literature it to behave like a science, there is surely no reason why criticism, as a systematic and organized study, should not be at least partly, a Science.

3.       Criticism as an organized body of knowledge which literature relates with history and philosophy. Literature is the central division of the “humanities” and deals with history and on another side by philosophy.

·         Philosophy for Ideas

·         History for events

This remains center in the text.

4.       In general inductive method means going move further “Particular to general”  and throughout the scene of Shakespeare's Hamlet's Grave Digging  scene we may say that

“Hero is ready to die for the sake of love of beloved or love for the nation of this term of

 "Liebestod" ([ˈliːbəsˌtoːt] German for "love death") “.

Example :- Hamlet is ready for dying for the love of Ophelia.

5.       Now about deductive method means from general to particular.

·         Time – Past, present or future

·         Space

a)      Music in time and Painting in space

b)     Music has rhythm and painting has pattern

c)      Rhythm comes from Nature like winter, summer etc.

d)     Pattern comes from symbols

Examples :- Red rose is symbol of Love  and sun rising is symbol of hope in each and every world of literature.

And for that Deductive method it means based on logical or reasonable deduction. The music, painting, rhythm and pattern there are all art may be conceived both temporally and spatially. The rhythm of music and the pattern of painting; but later, to show off our sophistication, we may be conceived both temporally and spatially. The score of musical composition may be studied all at once; a picture may be seen as the track of an intricate dance of the eye. Literature seems to be intermediate between music and painting; its words form rhythms which approach a musical sequence of sound at one of its boundaries and form patterns which approach the hieroglyphic or pictorial image at the other.

6.       As per Indian seasonal grid we have Ritu (Sanskrit: ऋतु) means "season" in various South Asian calendars, and there are six ritus (also transliterated rutu) or seasons. Literally means the "order or course of things".

Vasant Ritu or Spring

Grishma Ritu or Summer

Varsha Ritu or Monsoon

Sharad Ritu or Autumn

Hemant Ritu or Pre-winter

Shishir / Shita Ritu or Winter

And with the help of this we can apply this all seasons on one Gujrati poem entitled

“ ચોમાસું ક્યાંક આસપાસ છે” By  તુષાર શુક્લ

આંખોમા બેઠેલા ચાતક કહે છે, મારું ચોમાસું ક્યાંક આસપાસ છે;

ગાલો પર લજ્જાની લાલી ફૂટ્યાનું કોઈ કારણ પૂછે તો કહું ખાસ છે.

કોરી કુંવારી આ હાથની હથેળીમાં માટીની ગંધ રહી જાગી;

તરસ્યા આ હોવાના કોરા આકાશમાં આષાઢી સાંજ એક માંગી.

વરસાદી વારતાઓ વાંચી વાંચીને હવે ભીજાવું એ તો આભાસ છે;

ગાલો પર લજ્જાની લાલી ફૂટ્યાનું કોઈ કારણ પૂછે તો કહું ખાસ છે.

આંખોમા બેઠેલા…

કોરપની વેદના તો કેમે સહેવાય નહીં રૂંવે રૂંવેથી મને વાગે;

પહેલા વરસાદ તણું મધમીઠું સોણલું રહી રહીને મારામાં જાગે.

નસનસ આ ફાટીને વહેવા ચહે છે, આ તે કેવો આષાઢી ઉલ્લાસ છે;

ગાલો પર લજ્જાની લાલી ફૂટ્યાનું કોઈ કારણ પૂછે તો કહું ખાસ છે.

આંખોમા બેઠેલા…

In this poem we can say that this poem is full of beautification of earth itself in a season of  Monsoon that how earth looks beautiful in the days of rains and monsoon.

                                                        Thank You…..     

Beauty Of Night

Beauty Of Night

Beauty Of Night

Moon is like a white baby,

Star is like a toy,

Soft cloud is his bed,

His light is like a joy,

Peace of night is peace of heart,

Without a white baby night is like a dark,

His beauty is not else somewhere,

Because this baby is everywhere.

Written By :- Pritiba Gohil

                                        

                                       This poem is written by me. In the year 2012 when we are given task on creating poem in the class of SCOPE by our Madam Payal Patel. So, all credits of this poem is dedicated to her, Payal Patel.

Blog Task On ‘The White Tiger’ Novel by Aravind Adiga

Blog Task On ‘The White Tiger’ Novel by Aravind Adiga

Respected Sir,

As we already completed this novel 'The White Tiger' Aravind Adiga. I found this many things in this novel.

1.  How far do you agree with the India represented in the novel The White Tiger?

We cannot say that this novel represents real India throughout the narration of nation. Because Arvind Adiga himself uses this words “Half Baked” Indians, means what he takes about is story of half people not about all.

“Me, and thousands of others in this country like me, are half-baked, because we were never allowed to complete our schooling. Open our skulls, look in with a penlight, and you'll find an odd museum of ideas: sentences of history or mathematics remembered from school textbooks (no boy remembers his schooling like the one who was taken out of school, let me assure you), sentences about politics read in a newspaper while waiting for someone to come to an office, triangles and pyramids seen on the torn pages of the old geometry textbooks which every tea shop in this country uses to wrap its snacks in, bits of All India Radio news bulletins, things that drop into your mind, like lizards from the ceiling, in the half hour before falling asleep--all these ideas, half formed and half digested and half correct, mix up with other half-cooked ideas in your head, and I guess these half-formed ideas bugger one another, and make more half-formed ideas, and this is what you act on and live with.”

― Aravind Adiga, The White Tiger

He has only half information and half point of views. So we can’t say that what he represents about India in his novel is true hundred present. Its story of half India.

2.  Do you believe that Balram's story is the archetype of all stories of 'rags to riches'?

Archetypes means a very typical example of a certain person or thing.  So, based on this yes we can say that this is an archetype of all stories of 'rags to riches'. We can take example of Slumdog Millionaire.

In this movie we can also find this kind of similar story of rag to riches. Because in India it’s a dream of every one to get success by hook or crook. If we look at the text from that point of view then yes defiantly this story is an archetype of all stories of 'rags to riches'.

3.  "Language bears within itself the necessity of its own critique, deconstructive criticism aims to show that any text inevitably undermines its own claims to have a determinate meaning, and licences the reader to produce his own meanings out of it by an activity of semantic 'freeplay' (Derrida, 1978, in Lodge, 1988, p. 108). Is it possible to do deconstructive reading of The White Tiger? How?

If we follow this statement then every book has that kind of some loose points from where we can find some meaning and we can deconstruct that idea given by writer himself into the text.

If we talk about 'The White Tiger' then it’s true that we can deconstruct this book with the help of some words like, in this book author himself uses this word like, “This book is Auto-Biography of half-baked Indians”.

“Me, and thousands of others in this country like me, are half-baked, because we were never allowed to complete our schooling. Open our skulls, look in with a penlight, and you'll find an odd museum of ideas: sentences of history or mathematics remembered from school textbooks (no boy remembers his schooling like the one who was taken out of school, let me assure you), sentences about politics read in a newspaper while waiting for someone to come to an office, triangles and pyramids seen on the torn pages of the old geometry textbooks which every tea shop in this country uses to wrap its snacks in, bits of All India Radio news bulletins, things that drop into your mind, like lizards from the ceiling, in the half hour before falling asleep--all these ideas, half formed and half digested and half correct, mix up with other half-cooked ideas in your head, and I guess these half-formed ideas bugger one another, and make more half-formed ideas, and this is what you act on and live with.”

― Aravind Adiga, The White Tiger

It means not having full sense of everything. What information is provided is half-truth only. We can’t rely on that fully. So, yes it is possible to do deconstructive reading of The White Tiger with the help of some words like, i.e. Half-baked Indians or some theories like, i.e. Aporia, Lacuna etc.

Yes Sir, I agreed with this point that now a days in India most probably "The young generation is growing with utter dishonesty" as Balram says in this novel. That’s why Arvind Adiga also represents this idea of morality and immorality with new word like ‘A’morality. Instead of immorality he uses this word amorality. Now a days in India people don’t consider immorality as immorality. Because now a days this term immorality changing its meaning. With little dishonesty people thinks that they are moral and they don’t want to accept that this is immoral.

That’s why our cinema and movies are also start borrowing this idea in movies. Because it’s really happening in our society.

Example, i.e. in exams mostly students are caught when they are copying answer from any other student but if you ask that student he or she want accept that this is immoral, they like this dishonesty. And because of that other students also suffers. 

                                                    Thank You ….

One Night @ the Call Center

One Night at @ the Call Center

Respected Sir,

                          As we discussed in our class also that Chetan Bhagat this name is enough for his fan readers who likes to read him, he has some different things in his writings that attracts his readers and that things are,

1. Contemporary issues in on@tcc :-

                      First thing is that one night at the call center is coming with some new issues of contemporary time. Not that kind of old issues like morality and revenge but coming with new ideas. Related with this new young generation. Call centers is itself is issue in our current time. Issues of gating jobs, issues related with Bossism and humiliated by bosses, issues of marriage and securities in jobs etc. This all the things that attracts his readers more in numbers. Radhika is not happy in his marriage life, Priyanka is worried about her mother all the time, Esha is sucked in his own problems and issues, Varun has his own problems related with parents and all.

                    So this all the things are related with Contemporary issues in on@tcc.

2.   Mannepean satire :-

                            Mannepean Satire is a serio-comic genre. The novel ON@TCC is considered as Mannepean satire, in which we find that these characters suffer from the problems in their lives. In this novel Chetan Bhagat represent the idea of bossism that the boss of call center who has a power over these six characters. In this way writer criticized who has power to rule other people.

                            Another example is writer also criticize generation gap and expectations of parents from their children in a very light tone. Ex:- Priyanka’s mother always creates dramatic situation that she is about to die so Priyanka has to get married as early as possible. I think this is satire on expectations of parents from their children in a very light tone.

3.  The effect of Globalization :-

                            In the novel Chetan Bhagat has presented the problems of the youth of India.  Each character suffers from the problems in their lives especially in call centre. “The World is Flat” is about the brief history of 21st century where he talks about the Globalization. Friedman, calling himself a "free-trader" and a "compassionate flatist", and he criticizes societies that resist these changes. In the same way Chetan Bhagat who also criticized the society in this novel.

                           In this novel we find many issues are raised in the life of the characters. Chetan Bhagat is best writer of the new generation. In this novel we find the bitter situation of the characters who working in the call center that they are exploit from their boss Bakshi and Chetan Bhagat also talks about  privatization policy, a very few industries give a job security.

4.   Popular Literature and ON@TCC :-

                    The writer of the 21st century mainly deals with the theme related to the problems of the society that people like to read about the novels. In the same way Chetan Bhagat always talks about in his novels the contemporary problems. Because throughout the literature writer can shares the wrong things which is surrounding to us and it became popular literature for the readers. In this novel we see the problems of Radhika and Esha.

                 Chetan Bhagat is popular writer of the age in his work he uses simple language that is very easy to understand for the readers. His books appeal to the readers widely accepted by the youngsters. In his works he writes about the contemporary issues that readers like to read and they choose this type of popular literature. 

5.   Self-Help Book and ON@TCC :- 

               In this novel we can see the idea of self-help book. Self-help book means which written in the intention to instruct its readers on solving personal problems. It is also known as self-improvement. In this novel there is a call from God who gave solution to the characters. God says to these characters to not become frustrated by the problems. In this way all characters solves their own problems which they suffers in their lives. In his epilogue and prologues he gives tips as like self-help books.

                 Some another self-help books like Ex:- The Secret book written by Rhonda Byrne.

 

6.   Anti-American sentiments :-

                         In ON@TCC there is one of the theme in the novel is Anti-American. Chetan Bhagat believes that Indian should not consider inferior to Americans.  Vroom cannot stand two things: 1. The Racists and 2. The Americans.

                     He thinks that the Americans are superior then the India us “not because they are better people. But because their country is rich and ours is poor. That is the only damn reason. Because the losers who have run our country for the last fifty year could not do better than make India one of the poorest countries on the earth”. Throughout the character of Vroom Chetan Bhagat reflects the theme of Anti-American.

7.  What is Cyber Punk? Can on@tcc be categorised as cyber punk novel?

                             Cyberpunk is a subgenre of science fiction in a future setting, noted for its focus on "high tech and low life" aspects of society. It features advanced technology and science, such as information technology and cybernetics, coupled with a degree of breakdown or radical change in the social order.

                           In this novel ‘Bug’ plays vital role as a plot mover in this novel night at the call center where so many people’s jobs are secured with information of ‘Bug’.

                          And the second thing is use of FM radio to know truth of Anuj husband of Radhika that he has extra marital affair with another one with the help of this FM Radio.

            So, we can say that this novel night at the call center talks about each and every aspects of 21^st century.

                                         Thank You ….

How Technology is Useful in Process of Teaching and Learning in Education

How Technology is Useful in Process of Teaching and Learning in Education

                 

                     We all are living in era of technology. By one or another way we all are connected with technology. So why we not try technology in process of teaching and learning. As food and breath is important for living I think technology is also that kind of part of our life.

                     Life starts with technology and ends with technology then someone may ask that What is technology ??

                    In simple words technology means all the things that is not a part of my body. Outer things are technology.

1. Why is it necessary to use Technology in Education?

·       In education main focus is on teaching learning process. And because of this Teacher is at the center from the very earlier stage of teaching learning process.

·       But now time is changing and with the flow of time teaching learning process is also starts changing. So now Students are at the center rather than teacher.

·       There are so many methods and approaches for teaching learning process but no one can replace technology as a best method of teaching learning process.

·       Books and printed things are also part of technology even Language itself is a part of technology because language is not natural but it is gift of human being to human being.

·       That’s why technology is very important thing in teaching learning process and it is necessary in process of teaching learning.

·       Self-learning is very important part of teaching learning process with the help of technology. Decentering the center from teacher to student.

2.  What is the difference between 'using' and 'integrating' technology? 

                               Using and integrating is different words from each other. If technology is only used by teachers for the purpose of teaching learning process it called “Use of technology” and if technology is part of students’ life also it called “Integrating technology”.

                                    If technology is part of routine life of students and teachers in process of teaching and learning it calls “Integrating technology”.

Examples :-

·       Students are working in environment of technology, surrounded by gadgets all the time, it is part of their lives too.

·       Reading in soft copies.

·       Completing given tasks

·       Online quizzes

3.  How can we integrate technology?  

We are “Integrating technology” in process of teaching and learning.

·      Our teaching learning process starts with message on what’s app for schedule of that day.

·      Daily schedule process surrounded by technology only. Use of laptop, speakers, videos etc.

·      Lectures are conducted with help of power point presentations, videos, and audios, pictures so topic seems more clear and understandable.

·      At the end of unit there is online quiz for better evaluation.

·      Blog tasks, online quizzes, replies of emails for knowledge of outer world and free for thinking and creative writings.

·      Presentations given by students at the end of semesters.

So, with the help of this all the things we can say that technology is best tool for teacher in process of teaching and learning in this 21th century world.